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However, Paul might withdraw some funds in between the time that Peter checks the balance and the time Peter completes the withdrawal, thus invalidating Peter's test. Suppose that Peter and Paul, and other people besides, are accessing the same bank account through a network of banking machines distributed all over the world. The timing diagram in Figure 3-29 depicts an order of events where balance starts at 100, Peter withdraws 10, Paul withdraws 25, and yet the final value of balance is 75. As shown in the diagram, the reason for this anomaly is that Paul's assignment of 75 to balance is made under the assumption that the value of balance to be decremented is 100. That assumption, however, became invalid when Peter changed balance to 90. This is a catastrophic failure for the banking system, because the total amount of money in the system is not conserved. 65. In a computer implementation of the banking system, this changing sequence of balances could be modeled by successive assignments to a variable balance. The actual sequence of balances in the account will depend critically on the detailed timing of the accesses and the details of the communication among the machines.


For any events A and B, either A occurs before B, A and B are simultaneous, or A occurs after B. For instance, returning to the bank account example, suppose that Peter withdraws $10 and Paul withdraws $25 from a joint account that initially contains $100, leaving $65 in the account. Easy to use, reliable features such as adjustable stop losses and trailing order types allow you to set up your account in a way that is most beneficial for how you trade. This indeterminacy in the order of events can pose serious problems in the design of concurrent systems. If Peter and Paul's withdrawals execute this statement concurrently, then the two withdrawals might interleave the order in which they access balance and set it to the new value. If the two processes operate independently, then Peter might test the balance and attempt to withdraw a legitimate amount. Option trading strategies can be divided into two types by the market condition they are targeted for. Data gathered this way can have additional advantages as the laboratory equipment may be able to report additional data (metadata) about the data collected, how it was collected, and the conditions in which is was collected.


Additionally they acknowledge the generous funding of JISC to both the SWORD v2 and SONEX initiatives, without which this work would not have been undertaken. SONEX first goal was to identify and analyse deposit opportunities (use cases) for ingest of research papers (and potentially other scholarly work) into the repository space, later providing a global picture of deposit within the JISC Deposit Project strand, from which it cooperates with SWORD, OA-RJ and other deposit -related projects. He was a key player in the UK's JISC Repository Support Project (RSP), a support and guidance service to higher education institutions with respect to open repositories. Stuart is one of the core developers and committers for the DSpace open source repository platform. Stuart Lewis has worked with open repositories in various roles over the past six years. Prior to working in Auckland, Stuart worked in a UK university where he led a technical team that undertook funded research into open repositories, including open access and data repositories.


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